Natural language processing: state of the art, current trends and challenges SpringerLink

In 2019, artificial intelligence company Open AI released GPT-2, a text-generation system that represented a groundbreaking achievement in AI and has taken the NLG field to a whole new level. The system was trained with a massive dataset of 8 million web pages and it’s able to generate coherent and high-quality pieces of text (like news articles, stories, or poems), given minimum prompts. Imagine you’ve just released a new product and want to detect your customers’ initial reactions.

For many years, researchers tried numerous algorithms for finding so called embeddings, which refer, in general, to representing text as vectors. At first, most of these methods were based on counting words or short sequences of words (n-grams). Deep learning at its most basic level, is all about representation learning. With convolutional neural networks (CNN), the composition of different filters is used to classify objects into categories. Taking a similar approach, this article creates representations of words through large datasets.

Named Entity Recognition

As discussed, vector representation and similarity matrices attempt to find word associations, but they still do not have a reliable method to identify the most important sentences. At this point, we have a vector representation for each individual sentence. It is now helpful to quantify similarities between the sentences using the cosine similarity approach. We can then populate an empty matrix with the cosine similarities of the sentences. Each word is represented by a real-valued vector that has many dimensions (over 100 at times).

By focusing on the main benefits and features, it can easily negate the maximum weakness of either approach, which is essential for high accuracy. Human languages are difficult to understand for machines, as it involves a lot of acronyms, different meanings, sub-meanings, grammatical rules, context, slang, and many other aspects. In a paper published this June at ACL’s Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, the team tested ChatGPT as one possible coaching tool. They found 82% of the model’s suggestions were ideas teachers were already doing, but the tool improved with more tailored prompts. In a new paper, which will be presented at the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing in December, they trained a model on “growth mindset” language.

Top Natural Language Processing (NLP) Techniques

With a knowledge graph, you can help add or enrich your feature set so your model has less to learn on its own. Though natural language processing tasks are closely intertwined, they can be subdivided into categories for convenience. NLP is an exciting and rewarding discipline, and has potential to profoundly impact the world in many positive ways.

For example, in one study, children were asked to write a story about a time that they had a problem or fought with other people, where researchers then analyzed their personal narrative to detect ASD43. In addition, a case study on Greek poetry of the 20th century was carried out for predicting suicidal tendencies44. People can discuss their mental health conditions and seek mental help from online forums (also called online communities). There are various forms of online forums, such as chat rooms, discussion rooms (recoveryourlife, endthislife). For example, Saleem et al. designed a psychological distress detection model on 512 discussion threads downloaded from an online forum for veterans26.

#5. Knowledge Graphs

Chatbots use NLP to recognize the intent behind a sentence, identify relevant topics and keywords, even emotions, and come up with the best response based on their interpretation of data. Other classification tasks include intent detection, topic modeling, and language detection. PoS tagging is useful for identifying relationships between words and, therefore, understand the meaning of sentences. Ultimately, the more data these NLP algorithms are fed, the more accurate the text analysis models will be. To converse with humans, a program must understand syntax (grammar), semantics (word meaning), and morphology (tense), pragmatics (conversation).

Wang et al. proposed the C-Attention network148 by using a transformer encoder block with multi-head self-attention and convolution processing. Zhang et al. also presented their TransformerRNN with multi-head self-attention149. Additionally, many researchers leveraged transformer-based pre-trained language representation models, including BERT150,151, DistilBERT152, Roberta153, ALBERT150, BioClinical BERT for clinical notes31, XLNET154, and GPT model155. The usage and development of these BERT-based models prove the potential value of large-scale pre-training models in the application of mental illness detection.

Become an IBM partner and infuse IBM Watson embeddable AI in your commercial solutions today. Although rule-based systems for manipulating symbols were still in use in 2020, they have become mostly obsolete with the advance of LLMs in 2023. Now that you’ve gained some insight into the basics of NLP and its current applications in business, you may be wondering how to put NLP into practice. Retently discovered the most relevant topics mentioned by customers, and which ones they valued most. Below, you can see that most of the responses referred to “Product Features,” followed by “Product UX” and “Customer Support” (the last two topics were mentioned mostly by Promoters). The word “better” is transformed into the word “good” by a lemmatizer but is unchanged by stemming.

The proposed method has attained improvements of 0.59%, 2.51%, 4.38%, and 3.30% in terms of BLEU-1, BLEU-2, BLEU-3, and BLEU-4 scores, respectively, with respect to the state-of-the-art. Qualities of the generated captions are further assessed manually in terms of adequacy and fluency to illustrate the proposed method’s efficacy. Rationalist approach or symbolic approach assumes that a crucial part of the knowledge in the human mind is not derived by the senses but is firm in advance, probably by genetic inheritance.

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